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Article

Oral contraceptives, hormone therapy and cardiovascular risk.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society - 1 Oct 2008

Shapiro S

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Soon after combined estrogen/progestogen oral contraceptives (COCs) were introduced in the 1950s, it was established that they cause venous thromboembolism (VTE), that the risk is related to estrogen dose, and that COCs also increase the risk of myocardial infarction among female smokers over age 35. Stroke risk is also increased. early studies of supplemental hormone therapy were inconclusive....

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Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

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Source

Identifiers

PMID: 18781479
DOI: 10.1080/13697130802322848

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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