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Article

Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?

Psychoneuroendocrinology - 1 Apr 2003

Rahman Q, Wilson G D

Abstract excerpt

It has been proposed that human sexual orientation is influenced by prenatal sex hormones. Some evidence examining putative somatic markers of prenatal sex hormones supports this assumption. An alternative suggestion has been that homosexuality may be due to general developmental disruptions independent of hormonal effects. This study investigated the ratio of the 2nd to 4th finger digits (the 2D:4D ratio), a...

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PMID: 12573297
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00022-7

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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Semantic proximity does not establish scientific evidence. Graph snapshot: 2026-09-29.

Research trail→

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Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?PMID 12573297Read ↗

Fingers as a Marker of Prenatal Androgen ExposureSemantic proximity Read ↗

In support of 2D:4D: More data exploring its conflicting results on handedness, sexual orientation and sex differencesSemantic proximity Read ↗

Is the Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) a Biomarker of Sex-Steroids Activity?Semantic proximity Read ↗

Differences in digit ratios between gay men who prefer receptive versus insertive sex roles indicate a role for prenatal androgenSemantic proximity Read ↗

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Amniotic Testosterone and Estradiol: An Attempted Replication of Lutchmaya et al. (2004)Semantic proximity Read ↗

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio measured in early pregnancySemantic proximity Read ↗

Minireview: Organizational Hypothesis: Instances of the FingerpostSemantic proximity Read ↗

Second to fourth digit ratio, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-chest ratio: their relationships in heterosexual men and womenSemantic proximity Read ↗

2D:4D Ratio and its Implications in MedicineSemantic proximity Read ↗

Is 2D:4D the most sexually differentiated among finger-length ratios? Answers from a meta-analysisSemantic proximity Read ↗

BEHAVIOURAL AND BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN SEX RATIO AT BIRTHSemantic proximity Read ↗

Testosterone measured from amniotic fluid and maternal plasma shows no significant association with directional asymmetry in newborn digit ratio (2D:4D)Semantic proximity Read ↗

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