Article
The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV.
The Psychiatric clinics of North America - 1 Sept 1999
Akiskal H S, Pinto O
Abstract excerpt
This article argues for the necessity of a partial return to Kraepelin's broad concept of manic-depressive illness, and proposes definitions--and provides prototypical cases--to illustrate the rich clinical phenomenology of bipolar subtypes I through IV. Although considerable evidence supports such extensions of bipolarity encroaching upon the territory of major depressive disorder, further research is needed in...
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