Article
Is Echo a complex adaptive system?
Evolutionary computation - 1 Jan 2000
Smith R M, Bedau M A
Abstract excerpt
We evaluate whether John Holland's Echo model exemplifies his theory of complex adaptive systems. After reviewing Holland's theory of complex adaptive systems and describing his Escho model, we describe and explain the characteristic evolutionary behavior observed in a series of Echo model runs. We conclude that Echo lacks the diversity of hierarchically organized aggregates that typify complex adaptive systems,...
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