VACTERL as primary, polytopic developmental field defects

Abstract excerpt

Previously we proposed that the VACTERL association represents a dysmorphogenetic response of the primary developmental field, i.e., polytopic developmental field defects (DFD). As such, it should conform to the essential attributes of a DFD, namely, heterogeneity, homology, and phylogeneity. To study its heterogeneity, we analyzed the data of the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC)....

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