Gut-ocular surface axis in dry eye disease: phenotype-specific mechanisms, evidence, and microbiome-targeted interventions.

Abstract excerpt

Dry eye disease is a multifactorial, heterogeneous ocular surface disorder characterized primarily by an imbalance in tear film homeostasis. The traditional classification into "aqueous deficiency" and "evaporative" types fails to fully account for the differences in its inflammatory biology, clinical manifestations, and treatment responses. In recent years, the gut microbiota has been implicated in influencing...

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