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Article

Structural Equation Modeling Reveals How Allometry Shapes Integration in Avian Cranial Evolution.

Integrative and comparative biology - 12 Jan 2026

Oyston J W, Thorson J T, Knapp A, Marek R D, Felice R N

Abstract excerpt

Testing hypotheses of phenotypic modularity involves assessing whether groups of traits covary more strongly with each other than with parts outside the group. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a flexible statistical framework for interrogating complex relationships between sets of variables, making it ideally suited to studies of hierarchical modularity and integration. However, quantifying the modular...

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PMID: 42392192
DOI: 10.1093/icb/icag106
PMCID: PMC13393896

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