Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0249

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Article

Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences - 19 Aug 2014

Klingenberg Christian Peter

Abstract excerpt

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which integration and modularity exist. Multiple levels of biological variation originate from distinct sources: genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity resulting from environmental heterogeneity, fluctuating asymmetry from random developmental...

Topics

Biological Evolution
Models, Biological
Morphogenesis
Phenotype
Systems Biology

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Identifiers

PMID: 25002695
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0249
PMCID: PMC4084535

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