Multi-scale predictive modeling of phenology and carotenoid content in carrots using spectral techniques, colorimetry, and artificial intelligence.

Abstract excerpt

Objective: This study presents an integrated, multi-scale approach for the non-destructive estimation of phenological stages and carotenoid content in carrots by combining spectral techniques, colorimetry, and artificial intelligence. Methods: Six commercial varieties, including orange, yellow, white, and purple genotypes, were evaluated under field and laboratory conditions using multispectral drone imagery,...

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