Article
Understanding Clubfoot: Integrating Historical Origins, Embryologic Foundations, Epidemiology and Etiology-A Review.
Birth defects research - 1 Nov 2025
Saran J S R G, Devdass Varun, Anand Durai
Abstract excerpt
PURPOSE: Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) or idiopathic clubfoot, is a common yet complex congenital musculoskeletal deformity characterized by cavus, adductus, varus and equinus components. Despite advances in conservative and surgical management, recurrence and long-term functional limitations remain unresolved challenges. This review aims to provide an integrative synthesis of the historical evolution,...
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