Article
Three-dimensional spheroid models for cardiovascular biology and pathology
1 Jul 2025
Abstract excerpt
ABSTRACT Scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) cellular spheroid cultures better replicate the in vivo cellular microenvironments of complex tissues than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, as they promote more intricate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. In the context of cardiovascular research, 3D spheroids have emerged as valuable models for studying angiogenesis, modeling...
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