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*Co-Occurrence and Causality Among ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyscalculia.

Psychological science - 1 Mar 2025

van Bergen Elsje, de Zeeuw Eveline L, Hart Sara A, Boomsma Dorret I, de Geus Eco J C, Kan Kees-Jan

Abstract excerpt

ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia often co-occur, and the underlying continuous traits are correlated (ADHD symptoms, reading, spelling, and math skills). This may be explained by trait-to-trait causal effects, shared genetic and environmental factors, or both. We studied a sample of ≤ 19,125 twin children and 2,150 siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register, assessed at ages 7 and 10. Children with a condition,...

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Identifiers

PMID: 40098496
DOI: 10.1177/09567976241293999
PMCID: PMC13428880

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