Could chronic opioid use be an additional risk of hepatic damage in patients with previous liver diseases, and what is the role of microbiome?

Abstract excerpt

Among illicit drugs, addiction from opioids and synthetic opioids is soaring in an unparalleled manner with its unacceptable amount of deaths. Apart from these extreme consequences, the liver toxicity is another important aspect that should be highlighted. Accordingly, the chronic use of these substances, of which fentanyl is the most frequently consumed, represents an additional risk of liver damage in patients...

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