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Article

Long-term COVID-19 vaccine- and Omicron infection-induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Frontiers in immunology - 1 Jan 2024

Belik Milja, Reinholm Arttu, Kolehmainen Pekka, Heroum Jemna, Maljanen Sari, Altan Eda, Österlund Pamela, Laine Larissa, Ritvos Olli, Pasternack Arja, Naves Rauno A, Iakubovskaia Alina, Barkoff Alex-Mikael, He Qiushui, Lempainen Johanna, Tähtinen Paula A, Ivaska Lauri, Jalkanen Pinja, Julkunen Ilkka, Kakkola Laura

Abstract excerpt

Introduction: Mutations occurring in the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 enables the virus to evade COVID-19 vaccine- and infection-induced immunity. Methods: Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in 111 healthcare workers who received three or four vaccine doses and were followed up to 12 and 6 months, respectively, after the last vaccine dose. Omicron breakthrough...

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Share to Antibodies, Neutralizing
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Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

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Source

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Identifiers

PMID: 39640263
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1494432
PMCID: PMC11617562

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 3 Sept 2026.

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