Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer: an umbrella review and follow-up Mendelian randomisation studies

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Persistent infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary although not sufficient for development of cervical cancer. Behavioural, environmental, or comorbid exposures may promote or protect against malignant transformation. Randomised evidence is limited and the validity of observational studies describing these associations remains unclear. METHODS: In this umbrella review, we...

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