The effect of cryopreservation on the genome of gametes and embryos: principles of cryobiology and critical appraisal of the evidence

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation has been extensively used in assisted reproductive technology, agriculture and conservation programmes for endangered species. The literature reports largely positive results regarding the survival of frozen-thawed cells and clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether or not cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes and embryos causes any disruption in their genetic integrity....

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