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Article

Evolutionary dynamics of West Nile virus in the United States, 1999-2011: phylogeny, selection pressure and evolutionary time-scale analysis.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases - 1 Jan 2013

Añez Germán, Grinev Andriyan, Chancey Caren, Ball Christopher, Akolkar Namita, Land Kevin J, Winkelman Valerie, Stramer Susan L, Kramer Laura D, Rios Maria

Abstract excerpt

West Nile virus (WNV), an arbovirus maintained in a bird-mosquito enzootic cycle, can infect other vertebrates including humans. WNV was first reported in the US in 1999 where, to date, three genotypes belonging to WNV lineage I have been described (NY99, WN02, SW/WN03). We report here the WNV sequences obtained from two birds, one mosquito, and 29 selected human samples acquired during the US epidemics from...

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Identifiers

PMID: 23738027
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002245
PMCID: PMC3667762

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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