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Article

An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality.

International journal for parasitology - 9 Mar 2004

Miller M A, Grigg M E, Kreuder C, James E R, Melli A C, Crosbie P R, Jessup D A, Boothroyd J C, Brownstein D, Conrad P A

Abstract excerpt

Toxoplasma gondii-associated meningoencephalitis is a significant disease of California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), responsible for 16% of total mortality in fresh, beachcast carcasses. Toxoplasma gondii isolates were obtained from 35 California otters necropsied between 1998 and 2002. Based on multi-locus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing at conserved genes (18S rDNA, ITS-1)...

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PMID: 15003489
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.12.008

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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