Hosts manipulated by one parasite incur additional costs from infection by another parasite.

Abstract excerpt

Manipulation of host phenotype by parasites often serves to increase the predation rate of definitive hosts on intermediate hosts. For intermediate hosts, the indirect consequences of manipulation may extend beyond the direct increase in predation, however. Metacercariae of the trematode Curtuteria australis encyst in the foot of New Zealand cockles, Austrovenus stutchburyi, and stunt its growth, rendering...

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