Ghost trade-offs: negative correlations between beneficial traits may be caused by other mechanisms than trade-offs.

Abstract excerpt

Although trade-offs are ubiquitous in living nature, they often remain concealed from researchers. Here I describe an opposite possibility: a trade-off may be apparent as a negative across-population correlation between beneficial traits, but not actually present. I describe two simple and mutually non-exclusive mechanisms by which such "ghost trade-offs" can emerge: (a) elimination of the least fit...

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