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Article

Three Data-Driven Lip Soft-Tissue Phenotypes and Their Dento-Skeletal Associations in Orthodontic Patients: An Exploratory Unsupervised Learning Study.

Orthodontics & craniofacial research - 1 Oct 2026

Zhang Xiaoqi, Xing Lu, Ai-Gumaei Waseem, Zhang Xiaoqian, Long Hu, Li Minqi, Lai Wenli

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Conventional facial diagnosis emphasizes skeletal and dental measures while lip features are assessed piecemeal. We aimed to identify data-driven lip soft-tissue phenotypes using unsupervised machine learning and examine their associations with skeletal and dental characteristics. METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, 10 lip measurements were extracted from standardized lateral...

Read the complete abstract on PubMed

Topics

Humans
Lip
Phenotype
Retrospective Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Cephalometry

Methodology Data sources Editorial policy Privacy Delete account & data About Contact Helena Bioinformatics

Unsupervised Machine Learning

Clustering Algorithms

Female

Malocclusion

Random Forest

Cluster Analysis

Adolescent

Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms

Source

Open in PubMed Open full text

Identifiers

PMID: 42101071
DOI: 10.1111/ocr.70138
PMCID: PMC13543179

Provenance

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