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Xenopsylla buxtoni fleas as a dominant species harboring multiple infections of Wolbachia lineages in the ancient plague epicenters of Iran.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases - 1 Feb 2026

Seidi Shahin, Mostafavi Ehsan, Raz Abbasali, Karimian Fateh, Khanzadeh Fariba, Hayati Zeynab, Maleki-Ravasan Naseh

Abstract excerpt

Fleas are permissive and euryxenous ectoparasites capable of transmitting numerous ancient and new pathogens among warm-blooded animals, including humans. Precise identification of flea species involved in disease transmission and understanding the highly specialized morphological characteristics associated with their ectoparasitic lifestyle is essential. Likewise, identifying endosymbionts such as...

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PMID: 41686866
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013890
PMCID: PMC12904580

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