Genetic parallelism underlying repeated bill divergence in the island scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis) increases at higher genetic levels of organization.

Abstract excerpt

Whether the same genes underlie parallel adaptive trait evolution remains an open question in biology. The degree of genetic parallelism is expected to increase at higher genetic hierarchical levels (i.e., single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] to genes to pathways to phenotype) due to the hierarchical nature of the genetic basis of traits, which genomic approaches can help elucidate. Previous research shows a...

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