Highly pathogenic avian influenza: pandemic preparedness for a scenario of high lethality with no vaccines

Abstract excerpt

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly H5N1 and H7N9, have long been considered potential pandemic threats, despite the absence of sustained human-to-human transmission. However, recent outbreaks in previously unaffected regions, such as Antarctica, suggest we may be shifting from theoretical risk to a more imminent threat. These viruses are no longer limited to avian populations. Their...

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