Article
Endotypes, phenotypes, and biomarkers in chronic spontaneous urticaria: Evolving toward personalized medicine.
Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology - 1 Apr 2025
Lang David M, Sheikh Javed, Joshi Shyam, Bernstein Jonathan A
Abstract excerpt
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is an inflammatory disorder that manifests with hives, angioedema, or both and lasts more than or equal to 6 weeks. Although certain elements of CSU pathogenesis are well defined, others remain unclear. We discuss our current understanding of the underlying CSU endotypes, distinct clinical phenotypes, and predictive biomarkers. It is increasingly recognized that CSU comprises a...
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