Chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants induce the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes in sludge fermentation systems: Insight of chromosomal mutation and microbial traits.

Abstract excerpt

Waste activated sludge (WAS) is a critical reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) due to the prevalent misuse of antibiotics. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the primary mechanism for ARGs spread through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). However, the role of non-antibiotic organophosphorus flame retardants (Cl-OFRs) in ARG transmission in the WAS fermentation system remains unclear. This study examines...

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