The use of a genetic relationship matrix biases the best linear unbiased prediction.

Abstract excerpt

The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), derived from the linear mixed model (LMM), has been popularly used to estimate animal and plant breeding values (BVs) for a few decades. Conventional BLUP has a constraint that BVs are estimated from the assumed covariance among unknown BVs, namely conventional BLUP assumes that its covariance matrix is a λK, in which λ is a coefficient that leads to the minimum mean...

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