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Whispers from vestigial nubbins: Arrested development provokes trait loss in toads.

Evolution & development - 1 Jan 2021

Stynoski Jennifer L, Womack Molly C, Trama Florencia A, Coloma Luis A, Hoke Kim L

Abstract excerpt

Despite the use of acoustic communication, many species of toads (family Bufonidae) have lost parts of the tympanic middle ear, representing at least 12 independent evolutionary occurrences of trait loss. The comparative development of the tympanic middle ear in toads is poorly understood. Here, we compared middle ear development among two pairs of closely related toad species in the genera Atelopus and Rhinella...

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PMID: 33107688
DOI: 10.1111/ede.12356

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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