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Article

The direction of evolution: the rise of cooperative organization.

Bio Systems - 1 Sept 2014

Stewart John E

Abstract excerpt

Two great trends are evident in the evolution of life on Earth: towards increasing diversification and towards increasing integration. Diversification has spread living processes across the planet, progressively increasing the range of environments and free energy sources exploited by life. Integration has proceeded through a stepwise process in which living entities at one level are integrated into cooperative...

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PMID: 24887200
DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.05.006

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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