Can Healthy Fetuses Show Facial Expressions of “Pain” or “Distress”?

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: With advances of research on fetal behavioural development, the question of whether we can identify fetal facial expressions and determine their developmental progression, takes on greater importance. In this study we investigate longitudinally the increasing complexity of combinations of facial movements from 24 to 36 weeks gestation in a sample of healthy fetuses using frame-by-frame coding of 4-D...

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