Robustness of the outcome of adult bumblebee infection with a trypanosome parasite after varied parasite exposures during larval development.

Abstract excerpt

The outcome of defence by the invertebrate immunity has recently been shown to be more complex than previously thought. In particular, the outcome is affected by biotic and abiotic environmental variation, host genotype, parasite genotype and their interaction. Knowledge of conditions under which environmental variation affects the outcome of an infection is one important question that relates to this complexity....

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