Dual lattice model of the evolution of facultative symbiosis with continuous Prisoner's Dilemma game.

Abstract excerpt

Mutualism is ubiquitous in nature and is thought to have played a key role in the history of life. However, how mutualism could evolve despite being prone to unilateral exploitation is a puzzling question in evolutionary ecology. Some theoretical studies have shown that spatial structure of habitat can facilitate the emergence and maintenance of mutualism. However, they are based on the simple assumption that the...

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