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Article

Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem.

Nature - 25 Nov 2004

Panchanathan Karthik, Boyd Robert

Abstract excerpt

Models of large-scale human cooperation take two forms. 'Indirect reciprocity' occurs when individuals help others in order to uphold a reputation and so be included in future cooperation. In 'collective action', individuals engage in costly behaviour that benefits the group as a whole. Although...

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PMID: 15565153
DOI: 10.1038/nature02978

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 1 Sept 2026. Prepared record publication-15565153-2026-09-01.1. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-01.1.

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