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Article

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder.

Biological psychiatry - 1 Nov 1999

Biederman J, Spencer T

Abstract excerpt

This review revisits the thesis that a dysregulation of the central noradrenergic networks may underlie the pathophysiology of ADHD. We review the pertinent neurobiological and pharmacological literature on ADHD. The noradrenergic system has been intimately associated with the modulation of higher cortical functions including attention, alertness, vigilance and executive function. Noradrenergic activation is...

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PMID: 10560028
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00192-4

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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